Therapy Options
By Rear Adm. Joyce Johnson, D.O., M.A.

I have a friend who needs to see a mental health professional. Which type of therapist should he choose?

Different types of mental health professionals have varying areas of expertise. A psychiatrist, probably the most widely recognized type of therapist, is a medical doctor (M.D. or D.O.). Psychiatric training includes four years of specialized clinical work following medical school. Psychiatrists are trained in the use of psychiatric medications, psychotherapy, and special procedures. They are able to diagnose underlying medical conditions that may cause or contribute to emotional problems. Psychiatrists have the broadest range of skills and are able to treat the broadest range of patients.

Psychoanalysts usually are psychiatrists who have specific training in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic treatment relies on free association and dealing with the unconscious and generally requires three or four visits a week, continuing for several years.

Clinical psychologists have a doctorate and extensive clinical training. They are trained to administer psychological tests that can assist in diagnosis and treatment of depressive, obsessive-compulsive, anxiety, psychotic, and other mental disorders. Clinical psychologists also are trained in psychotherapy.

A psychiatric social worker generally has completed a master’s degree in social work and a clinical internship. Psychiatric social workers are knowledgeable about social support systems in the community. They often receive special training in individual, family, and group therapy and can be especially helpful working on issues facing children, families, and the elderly.

Professional counselors and marriage and family counselors or therapists are another category of professional. Licensing requirements vary by state and might include a master’s degree, clinical internship, and written examination. These counselors tend to focus on family dynamics and interpersonal relationships.
 
Drug and alcohol abuse counselors might have earned a bachelor’s or other degree. Some states also require an internship and written examination.

Members of the clergy also provide formal and informal counseling services, often with a spiritual focus.

Try to match your needs with a provider’s skills. Also, check with your health insurance provider to determine which professionals are covered and for how many visits. You might want to get a referral from your family doctor or primary care manager. These referrals are especially important to receive reimbursement in a managed care plan.